Female singers encompass a diverse array of talents, styles, and voices, each bringing their unique flair and perspective to the world of music. From the soulful crooners to the powerhouse belters, female singers captivate audiences with their emotive performances, stunning vocal range, and compelling storytelling.
These artists span across various genres, from pop and rock to jazz, R&B, country, and beyond, showcasing their versatility and adaptability. They use their voices as instruments, effortlessly navigating through melodies and harmonies to convey a wide range of emotions, from joy and passion to heartache and vulnerability.
Female singers often serve as voices of empowerment and inspiration, using their platforms to advocate for social change, challenge stereotypes, and amplify marginalized voices. Through their music, they address universal themes such as love, identity, empowerment, and resilience, resonating with listeners of all ages and backgrounds.
With their undeniable talent, charisma, and authenticity, female singers continue to push boundaries, break barriers, and redefine the music industry. Their contributions enrich the cultural landscape, leaving an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of audiences worldwide. Whether performing on stage, in the studio, or on screen, female singers continue to captivate and inspire with their extraordinary voices and unwavering passion for their craft.
1. Whitney Houston
Whitney Houston was an iconic American singer, actress, and producer known for her unparalleled vocal talent, powerful performances, and enduring influence on the music industry. Born on August 9, 1963, in Newark, New Jersey, Houston rose to fame in the 1980s with her stunning vocal range, soulful delivery, and captivating stage presence.
Houston’s self-titled debut album, released in 1985, became one of the best-selling debut albums of all time, featuring hit singles such as “Saving All My Love for You” and “How Will I Know.” Throughout her career, she released several critically acclaimed albums, including “Whitney,” “I’m Your Baby Tonight,” and “The Bodyguard Soundtrack,” which included her iconic rendition of “I Will Always Love You.”
With her remarkable vocal abilities, Houston captivated audiences around the world and earned numerous awards and accolades, including multiple Grammy Awards, Emmy Awards, and Billboard Music Awards. She was known for her ability to effortlessly transition between genres, from pop and R&B to gospel and soul, showcasing her versatility and staying power as an artist.
In addition to her music career, Houston also found success as an actress, starring in films such as “The Bodyguard,” “Waiting to Exhale,” and “The Preacher’s Wife.” Her performances on screen earned her critical acclaim and further cemented her status as one of the most beloved and talented entertainers of her generation.
Despite her immense success, Houston struggled with personal challenges, including substance abuse and tumultuous relationships, which tragically led to her untimely death on February 11, 2012. However, her legacy as one of the greatest vocalists of all time continues to live on, inspiring generations of artists and music lovers with her unparalleled talent, timeless hits, and enduring influence on the music industry. Whitney Houston’s voice remains an indelible part of musical history, and her impact will be felt for generations to come.
2. Mariah Carey
Mariah Carey is an iconic American singer, songwriter, and actress known for her extraordinary vocal range, chart-topping hits, and enduring influence on popular music. Born on March 27, 1969, in Huntington, New York, Carey rose to fame in the early 1990s with her self-titled debut album, which included the hit singles “Vision of Love” and “Love Takes Time.”
Throughout her illustrious career, Carey has released numerous critically acclaimed albums, including “Emotions,” “Music Box,” and “Daydream,” which have collectively sold millions of copies worldwide. Her five-octave vocal range, impressive whistle register, and melismatic singing style have earned her widespread acclaim and numerous awards, including multiple Grammy Awards, Billboard Music Awards, and American Music Awards.
Carey’s catalog of chart-topping hits includes classics such as “Hero,” “Fantasy,” “One Sweet Day” (with Boyz II Men), and “We Belong Together,” which spent 14 weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming one of the longest-running number-one singles in history.
In addition to her music career, Carey has also found success as an actress, starring in films such as “Glitter,” “Precious,” and “The Butler.” Her performances on screen have earned her critical acclaim and further solidified her status as a multifaceted entertainer.
With her unparalleled vocal talent, songwriting prowess, and magnetic stage presence, Mariah Carey has left an indelible mark on the music industry and continues to inspire artists and fans alike with her timeless music and undeniable talent. Her legacy as one of the greatest vocalists of all time is cemented in her record-breaking achievements and enduring impact on popular culture.
3. Aretha Franklin
Aretha Franklin, born on March 25, 1942, in Memphis, Tennessee, and raised in Detroit, Michigan, was an iconic American singer, songwriter, pianist, and civil rights activist. Often referred to as the “Queen of Soul,” Franklin was one of the most celebrated and influential artists of the 20th century, leaving an indelible mark on the music world with her powerful voice, emotional depth, and remarkable talent.
Franklin began her music career singing gospel music in her father’s church choir and quickly gained recognition for her exceptional vocal ability and soulful expression. In the 1960s, she signed with Columbia Records and later with Atlantic Records, where she achieved commercial success and critical acclaim with hits like “Respect,” “(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman,” and “Chain of Fools.”
Throughout her illustrious career, Franklin released numerous albums and singles, earning multiple Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994. She became the first woman to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005 for her contributions to American music and culture.
In addition to her music career, Aretha Franklin was a passionate advocate for civil rights and social justice. She used her platform to support the civil rights movement and performed at events such as the funeral of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the inauguration of President Barack Obama.
Aretha Franklin’s impact on popular music and culture is immeasurable, as her music continues to inspire and resonate with audiences around the world. Her soulful voice, unmatched talent, and unwavering commitment to her artistry have solidified her legacy as one of the greatest singers of all time, earning her a permanent place in the hearts of music lovers everywhere.
4. Celine Dion
Celine Dion, born on March 30, 1968, in Charlemagne, Quebec, Canada, is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and actress. Renowned for her powerful vocals, emotional performances, and wide vocal range, Dion is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with a career spanning several decades.
Dion gained international fame in the 1990s with hits like “The Power of Love,” “My Heart Will Go On” (the theme song for the film Titanic), and “Because You Loved Me.” Her music, characterized by its emotive ballads and soaring melodies, has earned her numerous awards, including multiple Grammy Awards, Juno Awards, and Billboard Music Awards.
In addition to her success as a recording artist, Celine Dion is also known for her captivating live performances. She has headlined residencies in Las Vegas, including the immensely successful “A New Day…” at Caesars Palace, which ran from 2003 to 2007, and “Celine” at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace, which began in 2011 and concluded in 2019.
Throughout her career, Dion has received widespread acclaim for her vocal talent and versatility, spanning various genres from pop and rock to R&B and classical. She has collaborated with numerous artists and musicians, solidifying her status as a global icon and inspiring generations of singers around the world.
In addition to her music career, Celine Dion has ventured into acting, with notable roles in films such as “The Colour of My Love Concert” (1994), “Titanic” (1997), and “Celine: Through the Eyes of the World” (2010).
Celine Dion’s impact on the music industry is profound, as her timeless songs and powerful performances continue to resonate with audiences of all ages. With her unparalleled talent and enduring influence, she has cemented her legacy as one of the greatest voices in contemporary music history.
5. Adele
Adele Laurie Blue Adkins, known professionally as Adele, is an immensely talented British singer-songwriter known for her powerful voice, emotive lyrics, and soulful melodies. Born on May 5, 1988, in Tottenham, London, Adele rose to international prominence with her debut album “19” in 2008, which featured the hit singles “Chasing Pavements” and “Hometown Glory.”
Adele’s meteoric rise to fame continued with her sophomore album, “21,” released in 2011. The album’s soulful ballads, including “Rolling in the Deep,” “Someone Like You,” and “Set Fire to the Rain,” propelled her to superstardom and earned her widespread acclaim. “21” became one of the best-selling albums of all time, garnering multiple Grammy Awards and establishing Adele as one of the preeminent voices in contemporary music.
Following the success of “21,” Adele released her third album, “25,” in 2015, which featured the chart-topping singles “Hello” and “When We Were Young.” Like its predecessors, “25” received critical acclaim and commercial success, further solidifying Adele’s status as one of the most acclaimed artists of her generation.
Adele’s distinctive voice, evocative lyrics, and heartfelt performances have earned her numerous awards and accolades, including multiple Grammy Awards, Brit Awards, and Academy Awards. Her ability to connect with audiences on a deeply emotional level has made her music resonate with fans around the world, transcending genres and generations.
Despite her immense success, Adele remains grounded and authentic, often drawing inspiration from her own life experiences and personal struggles. Her honesty, vulnerability, and genuine passion for music have endeared her to millions of fans and cemented her legacy as one of the greatest vocalists of her time. As Adele continues to captivate audiences with her unparalleled talent and soul-stirring music, her impact on the music industry will undoubtedly endure for years to come.
6. Beyoncé
Beyoncé Knowles-Carter, born on September 4, 1981, in Houston, Texas, is an American singer, songwriter, actress, producer, and philanthropist. Renowned for her powerhouse vocals, captivating stage presence, and groundbreaking artistry, Beyoncé is widely regarded as one of the most influential and iconic artists of all time.
Beyoncé rose to fame as a member of the R&B girl group Destiny’s Child in the late 1990s, achieving immense success with hits like “Say My Name,” “Survivor,” and “Bootylicious.” In 2003, she embarked on a solo career with the release of her debut album, “Dangerously in Love,” which produced the chart-topping singles “Crazy in Love” and “Baby Boy.” Since then, Beyoncé has released several critically acclaimed albums, including “B’Day” (2006), “I Am… Sasha Fierce” (2008), “Beyoncé” (2013), and “Lemonade” (2016).
Beyond her music career, Beyoncé is known for her dynamic performances, innovative music videos, and bold artistic vision. She has received numerous awards and accolades, including multiple Grammy Awards, MTV Video Music Awards, and Billboard Music Awards. In addition to her success as a solo artist, Beyoncé has also pursued acting roles, starring in films such as “Dreamgirls” (2006) and “The Lion King” (2019).
In addition to her contributions to music and film, Beyoncé is a passionate advocate for social justice and equality. She has used her platform to address issues such as racial injustice, gender equality, and LGBTQ+ rights, and has supported various charitable initiatives and organizations.
With her unparalleled talent, groundbreaking achievements, and unwavering commitment to excellence, Beyoncé has solidified her status as a global icon and cultural phenomenon. Her influence extends far beyond the realms of music and entertainment, as she continues to inspire millions of fans around the world with her artistry, activism, and unparalleled dedication to her craft.
7. Barbra Streisand
Barbra Streisand is an iconic American singer, actress, filmmaker, and philanthropist known for her exceptional vocal talent, versatility, and enduring influence on the entertainment industry. Born on April 24, 1942, in Brooklyn, New York, Streisand rose to prominence in the 1960s with her powerful voice, distinctive style, and unparalleled ability to interpret a wide range of musical genres.
Streisand’s career began on Broadway, where she earned critical acclaim for her performances in shows such as “Funny Girl” and “Hello, Dolly!” Her breakout role as Fanny Brice in “Funny Girl” earned her a Tony Award, catapulting her to stardom and establishing her as one of the brightest talents in the entertainment world.
In addition to her success on Broadway, Streisand achieved unprecedented success as a recording artist, with numerous chart-topping albums and hit singles to her name. Her albums, including “The Barbra Streisand Album,” “People,” and “Guilty,” have sold millions of copies worldwide and earned her multiple Grammy Awards.
Streisand’s versatility as a performer is evident in her ability to seamlessly transition between musical genres, from pop and jazz to Broadway standards and contemporary hits. Her distinctive voice, impeccable phrasing, and emotional depth have made her one of the most beloved and respected vocalists of her generation.
In addition to her music career, Streisand has also found success as an actress and filmmaker, starring in and directing several acclaimed films, including “Yentl,” “The Prince of Tides,” and “A Star is Born,” for which she won an Academy Award for Best Original Song.
Throughout her illustrious career, Barbra Streisand has remained a trailblazer and a cultural icon, breaking barriers and challenging stereotypes with her talent, intelligence, and unwavering commitment to her craft. Her impact on the entertainment industry is immeasurable, as she continues to inspire and entertain audiences around the world with her timeless music and unforgettable performances.
8. Madonna
Madonna Louise Ciccone, born on August 16, 1958, in Bay City, Michigan, is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and cultural icon. Often referred to as the “Queen of Pop,” Madonna has had an unprecedented impact on the music industry and popular culture, shaping trends, challenging conventions, and pushing boundaries throughout her career.
Madonna rose to fame in the early 1980s with her self-titled debut album, which featured hits like “Holiday” and “Lucky Star.” She quickly became known for her provocative image, daring fashion choices, and bold approach to sexuality and feminism. Over the decades, Madonna has continued to reinvent herself and her music, exploring a wide range of styles and genres, from pop and dance to rock and electronic music.
Throughout her career, Madonna has released numerous critically acclaimed albums, including “Like a Virgin” (1984), “True Blue” (1986), “Ray of Light” (1998), and “Confessions on a Dance Floor” (2005). She has sold over 300 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.
In addition to her music career, Madonna has also ventured into acting, starring in films such as “Desperately Seeking Susan” (1985), “Evita” (1996), and “W.E.” (2011). She has received numerous awards and accolades, including multiple Grammy Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and MTV Video Music Awards.
Madonna’s influence extends beyond music and film, as she has also made significant contributions to fashion, art, and activism. She has used her platform to advocate for LGBTQ+ rights, women’s empowerment, and social justice, and has supported various charitable causes and organizations.
With her groundbreaking music, provocative persona, and unparalleled longevity in the industry, Madonna has solidified her status as an icon of popular culture and a trailblazer for future generations of artists. Her impact on music, fashion, and society at large is undeniable, and her legacy as one of the most influential figures in entertainment history is assured.
9. Etta James
Etta James, born Jamesetta Hawkins, was an American singer known for her powerful voice, emotional delivery, and influential contributions to the genres of rhythm and blues, soul, jazz, and blues. Born on January 25, 1938, in Los Angeles, California, Etta James rose to fame in the 1950s with her debut single “The Wallflower (Dance with Me, Henry),” which topped the R&B charts and established her as a rising star in the music industry.
Throughout her career, James released numerous critically acclaimed albums, including “At Last!” and “Tell Mama,” which featured some of her most iconic recordings. Her signature song, “At Last,” became a timeless classic and remains one of the most beloved and recognizable songs in the American songbook.
With her soulful voice, impeccable phrasing, and electrifying stage presence, Etta James captivated audiences around the world and earned widespread acclaim from critics and peers alike. Her ability to infuse raw emotion and passion into her music set her apart as one of the greatest vocalists of her generation.
In addition to her success as a recording artist, James also found success as a live performer, captivating audiences with her dynamic performances and electrifying energy. Her powerful voice and commanding stage presence made her a force to be reckoned with on stage, and she continued to perform well into her later years.
Etta James’s influence on the music industry is undeniable, as she paved the way for countless artists with her groundbreaking recordings and timeless classics. Her legacy as a pioneering figure in rhythm and blues and soul music continues to resonate with fans around the world, as her music remains as vibrant and relevant today as it was during the height of her career.
10. Nina Simone
Nina Simone, born Eunice Kathleen Waymon on February 21, 1933, in Tryon, North Carolina, was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, arranger, and civil rights activist. Known for her powerful voice, unique style, and uncompromising commitment to social justice, Nina Simone left an indelible mark on the music world and beyond.
Simone began her music career as a classical pianist, receiving training at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City. However, she shifted her focus to jazz and popular music after being denied admission to a prestigious music school due to racial discrimination.
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Nina Simone gained fame with her distinctive blend of jazz, blues, gospel, and folk music. Her soulful voice and passionate performances captivated audiences, while her thought-provoking lyrics addressed themes of love, injustice, and the African American experience.
Some of Simone’s most iconic songs include “Feeling Good,” “I Put a Spell on You,” “To Be Young, Gifted and Black,” and “Mississippi Goddam,” the latter written in response to the murder of civil rights activist Medgar Evers and the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama.
In addition to her music career, Nina Simone was a vocal advocate for civil rights and racial equality. She used her platform to speak out against segregation, discrimination, and police brutality, often at great personal risk. Her activism and artistry were intertwined, as she believed that music had the power to inspire change and unite people across racial and cultural divides.
Nina Simone’s impact on music and society is immeasurable, as she continues to be celebrated as a pioneer of jazz and a trailblazer for African American artists. Her legacy as a fearless advocate for justice and equality lives on, inspiring generations of musicians, activists, and fans to use their voices to create a more just and equitable world.
11. Ella Fitzgerald
Ella Fitzgerald, often referred to as the “First Lady of Song” and the “Queen of Jazz,” was an iconic American jazz vocalist known for her impeccable technique, sublime improvisational skills, and unparalleled mastery of the Great American Songbook. Born on April 25, 1917, in Newport News, Virginia, Fitzgerald rose to prominence during the Swing Era of the 1930s and 1940s and went on to become one of the most celebrated and influential jazz singers of all time.
Fitzgerald’s career spanned over six decades, during which she recorded countless albums and performed at prestigious venues around the world. Her pure, crystalline voice and effortless vocal range captivated audiences and earned her widespread acclaim from critics and fans alike.
One of Fitzgerald’s most remarkable achievements was her ability to use her voice as an instrument, employing scat singing and improvisation to create dazzling vocal solos that were both technically virtuosic and emotionally resonant. Her renditions of jazz standards such as “Summertime,” “Mack the Knife,” and “Someone to Watch Over Me” remain definitive interpretations and continue to inspire generations of musicians.
In addition to her solo career, Fitzgerald collaborated with some of the greatest jazz musicians of her time, including Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie, among others. Her collaborations produced some of the most beloved recordings in the jazz canon and solidified her status as a legendary figure in the genre.
Throughout her career, Ella Fitzgerald received numerous awards and accolades, including 14 Grammy Awards and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Her impact on jazz music and popular culture is immeasurable, as she continues to be celebrated as one of the greatest vocalists of all time. Ella Fitzgerald’s timeless recordings and unparalleled artistry ensure that her legacy will endure for generations to come.
12. Amy Winehouse
Amy Winehouse, born on September 14, 1983, in London, England, was a British singer-songwriter known for her soulful voice, distinctive style, and raw emotional honesty. With her blend of jazz, R&B, and soul music, Winehouse rose to prominence in the mid-2000s as one of the most talented and promising artists of her generation.
Winehouse gained widespread acclaim with her debut album, “Frank,” released in 2003, which showcased her powerful vocals and songwriting skills. However, it was her second album, “Back to Black” (2006), that catapulted her to international superstardom. The album featured hit singles like “Rehab,” “You Know I’m No Good,” and “Back to Black,” earning Winehouse critical acclaim and numerous awards, including five Grammy Awards.
Despite her musical success, Winehouse struggled with personal demons, including addiction and mental health issues, which were often reflected in her lyrics and public persona. Her tumultuous personal life became a subject of intense media scrutiny, overshadowing her musical accomplishments at times.
Tragically, Amy Winehouse passed away on July 23, 2011, at the age of 27, succumbing to alcohol poisoning. Her untimely death shocked the music world and sparked a renewed conversation about the pressures faced by artists in the spotlight.
Despite her short life and career, Amy Winehouse left an indelible mark on the music industry with her soulful voice, honest lyrics, and fearless creativity. Her music continues to resonate with audiences around the world, and she is remembered as one of the most talented and influential artists of her generation. Through her music, Winehouse lives on as a reminder of the power of art to express the depths of human emotion and connect people across boundaries of time and space.
13. Billie Holiday
Billie Holiday, born Eleanora Fagan, was an iconic American jazz singer and songwriter known for her distinctive voice, emotive phrasing, and deeply personal interpretations of songs. Born on April 7, 1915, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Holiday rose to prominence during the 1930s and 1940s and became one of the most influential jazz vocalists of the 20th century.
Holiday’s voice was characterized by its unique timbre, which combined a husky, smoky quality with a hauntingly beautiful tone. Her ability to convey a wide range of emotions through her singing, from joy and exuberance to heartbreak and despair, captivated audiences and earned her widespread acclaim.
One of Holiday’s most enduring contributions to music was her mastery of phrasing and improvisation, which allowed her to infuse each song with her own unique style and personality. Her interpretations of jazz standards such as “Strange Fruit,” “God Bless the Child,” and “Good Morning Heartache” remain definitive versions and continue to resonate with listeners to this day.
Despite facing numerous challenges throughout her life, including poverty, racism, and substance abuse, Holiday remained dedicated to her craft and continued to perform and record music until her untimely death in 1959 at the age of 44. Her tragic life story only served to deepen the emotional impact of her music and cement her status as a legendary figure in the world of jazz.
Holiday’s influence on jazz music and popular culture is immeasurable, as she continues to be celebrated as one of the greatest vocalists of all time. Her recordings remain timeless classics, cherished by fans around the world, and her legacy as a pioneering figure in jazz music ensures that her contributions to the genre will be remembered for generations to come.
14. Tina Turner
Tina Turner, born Anna Mae Bullock, is a legendary American-born singer, songwriter, and actress known for her powerful voice, electrifying stage presence, and indomitable spirit. Born on November 26, 1939, in Nutbush, Tennessee, Turner rose to fame in the 1960s as one half of the musical duo Ike & Tina Turner, alongside her then-husband Ike Turner.
Turner’s dynamic performances and raw vocal talent quickly garnered attention, and she soon became known for her high-energy live shows and soulful renditions of R&B and rock ‘n’ roll classics. Hits such as “River Deep – Mountain High” and “Proud Mary” catapulted the duo to international stardom and established Tina as one of the most electrifying performers of her generation.
Following her tumultuous marriage to Ike Turner, Tina embarked on a successful solo career in the 1970s, reinventing herself as a solo artist and achieving even greater success. Her iconic album “Private Dancer,” released in 1984, spawned multiple hit singles, including “What’s Love Got to Do with It” and “Better Be Good to Me,” and earned her critical acclaim and numerous awards, including multiple Grammy Awards.
Throughout her career, Turner’s resilience, determination, and unwavering commitment to her craft have made her an inspiration to millions of fans around the world. Her powerful voice, fierce independence, and magnetic stage presence have solidified her status as one of the greatest performers of all time.
In addition to her music career, Turner has also found success as an actress, appearing in films such as “Tommy” and “Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome.” Her performances on screen have earned her critical acclaim and further cemented her status as an entertainment icon.
Tina Turner’s influence on popular music and culture is immeasurable, as she continues to inspire artists and fans alike with her timeless music, electrifying performances, and unparalleled talent. Her legacy as a trailblazer in the music industry ensures that she will always be remembered as one of the greatest entertainers of all time.
15. Janis Joplin
Janis Joplin, born on January 19, 1943, in Port Arthur, Texas, was an American singer-songwriter known for her powerful, blues-inspired vocals and electrifying stage presence. With her unique voice and uninhibited style, Joplin became one of the most iconic and influential figures in the 1960s counterculture movement.
Joplin rose to fame as the lead singer of the psychedelic rock band Big Brother and the Holding Company in the late 1960s. The band gained national attention with their performance at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, where Joplin’s electrifying rendition of “Ball and Chain” became legendary.
In 1968, Joplin embarked on a solo career, releasing the album “Cheap Thrills” with Big Brother and the Holding Company, which featured hits like “Piece of My Heart” and “Summertime.” She continued to achieve success with her solo albums “I Got Dem Ol’ Kozmic Blues Again Mama!” (1969) and “Pearl” (1971), the latter released posthumously.
Known for her raw, emotive delivery and soulful interpretation of blues and rock music, Joplin’s performances were marked by her intense passion and vulnerability. She poured her heart and soul into every song, baring her innermost emotions to her audience.
Tragically, Janis Joplin passed away on October 4, 1970, at the age of 27, from a heroin overdose. Her death shocked the music world and left a void that has never been filled. Despite her brief career, Joplin’s impact on music and culture is immeasurable, as she paved the way for future generations of female rock artists and remains an enduring symbol of authenticity, freedom, and rebellion.
Janis Joplin’s music continues to inspire and resonate with audiences around the world, as her soulful voice and fearless spirit live on through her timeless songs. She is remembered as one of the greatest singers of her generation, and her legacy as a trailblazer in rock music will forever be celebrated.
Edward Tomlin is a frequent contributor to Singers Room. Since 2005, Singersroom has been the voice of R&B around the world. Connect with us via social media below.
